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Parthogenesis – An Alternative to Cloning?
By rockpolaris | September 4, 2009
Stem cells are the holy grail of modern biology. This root-cells can be used with the proper stimulation to produce almost any type of cell in the body. So far, the best source of stem cells of human embryos has been. These were usually obtained from fertility clinics. Extensive research will determine whether stem cells from non-embryonic tissues were obtained clone, too. The possibility of obtaining stem cells from non-viable, asexually produced blastocysts could be solved, at least forsome, the ethical debate currently rages about the direction of therapeutic stem cells. The other problem with the existing human ES cell technology is the critical problem of histocompatibility as the cells of embryos during in vitro fertilization procedures or from fetal sources are mainly derived cells from another person (allograft) is. This means that they will be rejected at all the cells produced from them, or risk, if it were transplanted into a humanBeing. To solve this problem, the biotechnology industry is trying to make embryonic cells identical to an adult who has this to say, autologous embryonic cells. To this one of the following procedures will eventually be used safely and are showing the most recent research indicates that parthenogenesis could be not only pssible but less controversial.
(1) somatic cell nuclear transfer: With this technique, commonly referred to as "Human Therapeutic Cloning" aThe patient's body cell with an egg cell that its DNA combined distance. As a result of the body cell's DNA is reprogrammed back to an embryonic state, and totipotent stem cells are produced identical to the patient.
(2) Ooplasmic Transfer: In the back of the nuclear transfer, ooplasmic transfer involves the removal of the cytoplasm of an egg cell and the transfer into the cell in the body of a patient so that the transformation of patient cells in a primitive stem cells.
(3) Parthenogenesis:In this technique, a woman's egg is directly activated without the removal of the DNA to begin developing their own, forming a preimplantation embryo, isolated from the totipotent stem cells.
Tell us more about the technique of parthenogenesis, reduce both the transplant and possibly less controversial issues appear:
Parthenogenesis is from the Greek words for "virgin birth derives. In modern biology, it refers to a form of reproduction, in which an egg cellfertilized been developed into a new individual without are. Put it in many social insects like the honeybee and the ant, the unfertilized eggs caused the male drones and the fertilized eggs into the female workers and queens. Charles Bonnet discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in the 18th Century. In 1900, biologists in the position, artificial parthenogenesis was encouraging in some ways. Jacques Loeb reported this year that he move in a position to unfertilized frog eggs, to growthey scratch with a needle. Since that time, various chemical and mechanical means were used to produce artificial parthenogenesis in many animals such as rabbits. In most cases, the resulting development is normal. In 1936, Gregory Pincus change induced parthenogenesis in mammals (rabbit) eggs by the temperature and chemical agents. No successful experiments with human parthenogenesis have been reported. The phenomenon is rarer among plants (where it saysParthenocarpy) than among animals. Unusual pattern of inheritance in parthenogenetic organisms and offspring can be produced by some types occur that are inherited in all respects identical to the mother. While the ancient Greeks had many elements of molecular biology have been mystified, they would easily be able to capture to parthenogenesis, a concept rooted in their ancient myths. Athena, daughter of Zeus, one of the most important of Greek gods. The Parthenon is the name of the templeAthena on the Acropolis. She was the patron goddess of Athens, and was with everything from war and associated urban development on fertility and weaving. The birth of Athena, was very unusual. The classical scholars among you will probably remember the fact that Zeus was his first wife Thetis, when she became pregnant swallow because he was afraid that she would bear him a son who would steal his throne. After a few months he developed a severe headache, and he went to his colleague, the god HephaestusHistory says, was good enough to split open his head with an ax. It is documented that Athena was fully grown and then is clad in armor from the head of Zeus.
Parthenogenesis would be truly ethical?
The creation of primate parthenogenetic embryos with subsequent production of stem cells suggests a new, perhaps less ethically controversial direction in research in the treatment of human disease to be derived with stem cell therapy. There isno doubt that the Catholic Church, it would be on the basis of the two pairs not involved in the creation of the original embryo to denounce, but certain difficulties have to explain exactly when to make a real vitality into the cell, a potential human being. This would be more difficult if the human parthenogenesis was found to by some simple method such as heating or electrifying the cell, which is one reason that I say that the life experience, acontinium. In any case, it is known that a team of researchers from the Mayo Clinic, Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Wake Forest University is working with a Massachusetts-based biotechnology company has recently succeeded in creating primate parthenogenetic embryos. Promotion of research involved, to grow a monkey egg without using sperm. The researchers used chemicals, the eggs do not signal to half of their chromosomes eject (as it does in sexual reproduction) is run on command and the eggs. share In this case, the resulting mass of about 100 cells, the blastocyst is known, may not result in a viable organism, if they are manufactured with the new technology. Four of the 28 eggs in parthogenetic blastocysts developed. The researchers were able to derive a single stem cell line from a blastocyst.
In addition, they were able to tease obtained for the extraction of stem cells from embryos derived asexually to produce many types of cells, including brain, heart and smooth muscle cells. A particularlypromising development, the report was that the researchers also were able to midbrain dopamine-producing nerve cells in the hope that one day such cells dysfunctional cells in the brains of patients with central nervous system disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease could replace. This study proposes an alternative to human therapeutic cloning as a differentiated cell types in vitro derived by parthenogenesis eliminate the requirement to produce or disaggregate onenormal embryo, and may charge the ethical concerns voiced by some, positively influence the debate around stem cells in research, "said the researchers found in science.
How long will it take before the human parthenogenesis has been achieved?
Researchers from the same biotech companies that the current research, Advanced Cell Technologies, announced to considerable controversy in November of last year that if they had cloned human embryos supported. The embryos do notgrowth than six cells and did not stem cells. While the race is on creating parthenogenetic human embryos to remain serious doubts about the safety and efficacy of this approach. Researchers believe that the male DNA mixed with female DNA in the egg cell probably has an important role in gene activation play at least some types of stem cells. For example, studies in mice produced parthenogenetically suggest that these stem cells to differentiate mildin neurons than in other cell types such as muscle. The hypothesis that these cells were immune-privileged, in fact also remains unproven.
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